Wind Turbine With Improved Safety Features

ABSTRACT

The wind turbine includes a wind driven turbine wheel rotatable about a central axis that has sail wings that catch the wind and rotate the turbine wheel. An anchor has its anchor line attached to the turbine wheel at its axis of rotation to prevent tilting the wind turbine in response to high wind conditions. A set of streamers attached to the spokes at one end and including a free end wherein the free end is disposed in a space defined between two adjacent spokes when the turbine wheel is rotating. A trolley removably and slidably attached to a main anchor line, a secondary anchor line attached to the trolley and a secondary anchor; and, a drop line removably attached to the secondary anchor configured to lower the anchor to the main anchor so that the trolley, secondary anchor line and secondary anchor is configured to provide an anchor support structure for the main anchor.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention concerns a wind turbine assembly for generatingelectricity in response to the movement of atmospheric wind andadditional safety features of strike avoidance system and anchor supportstructure.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Windmills have been used for many generations for the purpose of pumpingwater from the ground and for generating electricity. A basic advantageof the windmill is that it uses the power of atmospheric wind to rotatea wheel having radially extending blades. This rotary movement may beconverted into various useful purposes. For example, wind turbines inthe form of propellers mounted on towers have been placed in areas wheresteady winds are prevalent and the wind turbines are used to generateelectricity.

The blades of the conventional wind turbines are very large and made ofexpensive rigid material and are constructed to have the blades extendradially from a central hub, with no extra support at the outer tips ofthe blades. The conventional wind turbine blades rotate at a high rateof revolutions and must withstand both the centrifugal forces generatedby the fast revolution of the blades and the cantilever bending forcesapplied to the blades by the wind. Since the outer portions of theblades move at a very high velocity and are engaged by strong winds, thelarger the blades the stronger they must be and the more expensive theybecome. Thus, there is a practical limit as to the length and width ofthe blades.

Another type of wind turbine is one that has sail wings constructed offabric that are a substitute for the rigid blades of the conventionalwind turbines described above. For example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,330,714,4,350,895, and 4,729,716 disclose wind turbines that use cloth “sails”that catch the wind. The blades of the wind turbine are formed oflighter weight material.

Another wind turbine type has rigid propellers that appear to be rigidlymounted to circular perimeter rims that support the outer ends of thepropellers, as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,233,232 and 6,064,123.

Some of the wind turbines of the patents cited above are constructedwith an outer rim that extends circumferentially about the turbinewheel. Rubber tires are placed in positions to engage the outer rim soas to rotate the rubber tires, with the driven rubber tires rotating therotor of a generator. Thus, the rotation of the wind turbine is used togenerate electricity. Other designs are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos.8,109,727, 7,825,532, 8,134,251, 8,164,212, 8,178,993, 8,487,471,8,174,142, 8,258,645, 8,373,298, 8,466,577 and United States PatentApplication Publications 2014/40271183 and 2014/0265344, allincorporated by reference.

Prior art wind turbines are mounted on upright towers and the towers aresupported at their bases by mounting the towers in the earth or on someother stable platform. When the wind turbine is in operation with anoncoming brisk wind engaging the angled blades of the turbine wheel, asignificant longitudinal force is transmitted from the blades of theturbine wheel to the upper portion of the tower, tending to tip thetower. This horizontal tipping force usually is significantly greaterthan the circumferential wind force engaging the angled surfaces of theblades of the turbine wheel and causing the rotation of the turbinewheel. This longitudinal force requires the tower for a wind turbine tobe very strong to avoid tipping over.

While wind turbines have found use in open land areas where steady windsare prevalent, the land areas most suitable for catching the wind onwind turbine propeller blades usually are remote from the areas of greatneed of electrical power. Therefore, there is a requirement thatelectrical power be transmitted through conductive cables for longdistances to the areas of need.

Winds generated over large bodies of water, particularly over an ocean,are not confronted with mountains, buildings, and the vegetation of theland masses that tend to slow the velocity of winds. The turbulence ofwind usually is less over water than over land. This may be becausethere is a greater temperature variance between different altitudes overland than over a body of water, apparently because sunlight is absorbedfurther into water than into land, and for comparable conditions, thesurfaces of land become warmer and radiate more heat than the surfacesof water.

Also, some of the largest cities of the world are positioned adjacentlarge bodies of water such as oceans and seas where wind velocities arenot slowed and are less turbulent near the water surface and are morepredictable. Therefore, there can be some advantages to placement of awind turbine being placed in a large body of water. This, however, doesnot come without challenges. One challenge is how to anchor the windturbine so that it does not drift across the water. Several attemptshave been made to provide in-water anchor systems such as U.S. Pat. No.8,118,538 that discloses a wind turbine platform that can besemi-submersible with the wind turbine extending out of the water andwith a counterbalance extending below the platform. The platform canfloat on the water's surface and can have several arms that extendoutwardly from the wind turbine to increase the platform's footprint. Toanchor the turbine offshore, anchoring systems can anchor the platformto the seabed while allowing the floating wind turbine to adjustpassively or actively to changes in sea level due to tidal variations orstorm swells.

United States Patent Application Publication 2013/0152839 discloses asystem of floating and weight-stabilized wind turbine towers withseparately floodable compartments and aerodynamic overwater encasementand the appertaining semisubmersible mooring structures includinganchorage on the seabed, a horizontally floating underwater mooringmeshwork and an actinomorphic buoy-cable-mooring to the wind turbinetowers. United States Patent Application Publication 2010/0290839discloses an anchoring system for anchoring an object to a floor of abody of water includes a weighted portion, an explosive chargearrangement on the weighted portion, a movable pole arranged on theweighted portion, and a penetration system that moves the pole downwardafter initiation of the explosive charge arrangement. United StatesPatent Application Publication 2009/0092449 is directed to an anchoringdevice for a floating wind turbine installation. Such a wind turbineinstallation comprises a floating cell, a tower arranged over thefloating cell, a generator mounted on the tower which is rotatable inrelation to wind direction and fitted with a wind rotor and an anchorline arrangement connected to anchors or anchoring points on the seabed.

However, none of these devices allows for efficient rotations of theplatform supporting the turbine wheel so that the turbine wheel can facethe direction of the wind without rotating about a submerged anchorline. Further, the prior art does not disclose a securing anchor supportsystem to be added to an existing anchor.

One of the disadvantages with the increased use of alternative energysystems, such as wind turbines, is the actual or perceived belief thatthese large spinning structures post a hazard to birds, especially tomigratory birds. In fact, in 2013, it was reported that the windindustry is killing a vast number of birds each year. Other commentatorshave stated that while there is a risk of bird deaths from windturbines, the risk has been overblown. For example, a study by theUnited States Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that 175 million birdsdie annually by flying into power lines, 72 million are poisonedannually by herbicides, 6.6 million die annually by flying intocommunications towers and 1 million die from oil and gas waste pits. Bycontrast, the Wildlife Society Bulletin estimates that 573,000 birdswere killed by wind turbines. Nevertheless, combating this issue ofactual or perceived unnecessary bird deaths from wind turbines is aproblem that should have some attention. As wind turbines increase inpopularity and use, the issue will also increase. Additionally, therehas been prosecution of wind energy companies for improperly killingeagles.

There have been some attempts to prevent unnecessary bird deaths throughwind turbines including that of U.S. Pat. No. 8,742,977 that discloses abistatic radar system that detects a bird in a collision path andactuates a deterrent. Deterrents can be flashing strobe lights, intensesound, or air cannon. United States Publication 2013/0101417 discloseswind turbine rotor blades having ultraviolet light-reflective substancesin order to prevent bird strikes. U.S. Pat. No. 5,774,088 discloses ahazard warning system radiates pulses of microwave energy in thefrequency range of 1 GHz to about 40 GHz to alert and warn target flyingbirds of the presence of wind turbine electrical generators, powerdistribution systems, aircraft, and other protected areas from hazardousintrusion. U.S. Pat. No. 9,046,080 discloses instantaneously inflatablemini-airbags on turbine blade leading edges.

Birds are known for very good vision as it is this sense that assistswith safe flight. Most birds are tetrachromatic, possessing four typesof cone cells each with a distinctive maximal absorption peak. In somebirds, the maximal absorption peak of the cone cell responsible for theshortest wavelength extends to the ultraviolet (UV) range, making themUV-sensitive. Birds can also resolve rapid movements better than humanswith a flicker threshold of over more than 100 Hz. In humans, when anobject is covered by another, the human mind tends to “complete” thecovered object and “fills in the blank” to believe that the human isseeing the entire object. This is called scene completion, a trait thatis not believed to be present in birds. Birds do, however, possess verygood resolving power to see clear and distinct images of very smallprey.

Another advantage of wind turbines placed on bodies of water is that theless turbulent winds at the surface of the water allows the turbinewheel to be supported lower, closer to the surface of the water. Thistends to reduce the expense of having a tall tower as usually requiredfor land mounted wind turbines.

Accordingly, it would be desirable to locate wind turbines on bodies ofwater spaced relatively close to a land mass where there is a need forelectricity. Also, it would be desirable to produce wind turbines with ameans for reducing the longitudinal force applied by the turbine wheelto the tower or other vertical support of the wind turbine.

If would also be advantageous to take advantage of the good vision ofbirds and construct and arrange a wind turbine with additional visualsafety features to allow bird to detect the wind turbine and avoid acollision at the onset.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Briefly described, this disclosure concerns a wind turbine assembly forgenerating electricity that includes a support, a turbine wheelrotatably mounted on the support about a longitudinally extendingcentral axis, the turbine wheel including a circular rim concentric withand rotatable about the central axis, and an electrical generator in adriven relationship with the turbine wheel.

In one embodiment, a wind driven turbine wheel may be mounted on afloatable support, capable of floating on the surface of a large body ofwater. The floatable support may include a lateral thruster for turningthe wind turbine into the oncoming atmospheric wind.

Another novel feature of the structure may be a wind turbine mounted ona floatable support, with an anchor tied to the wind turbine at aposition high enough to resist tipping forces applied by atmosphericwind to the turbine.

One of the wind turbine assemblies disclosed herein may include afloatable support, a pair of wind turbines mounted side-by-side on thefloatable support and sail wings of one wind turbine each having a pitchopposite to the pitch of the sail wings of the other wind turbine tobalance the gyroscopic effects of the wind turbines.

Another feature of a wind turbine assembly may include an anchor tied tothe bow of a floatable support and a lateral thruster for moving thestern of the floatable support for turning the wind turbine into theatmospheric wind.

Another feature of a wind turbine assembly may include one or more windturbines mounted on a floatable support with an anchor tied directly tothe wind turbines to deter tilting of the wind turbines in response tostrong wind directed into the wind turbines.

Also, the wind turbine may include sail wings formed of fiberglass orother relatively flexible material, with shape control means carried bythe turbine wheel for rotating at least one of the ends of the sailwings about the longitudinal axis of the sail wings to form a pitch ortwist in the sail wings.

The wind turbine assembly may include a floatable support withoutriggers supporting the floatable support in an upright attitude. Turbineanchors may be attached to the wind turbines above the level of thefloatable support and arranged to resist the longitudinal wind forcesapplied to the wind turbines.

Other features and advantages of the structure and process disclosedherein may be understood from the following specification andaccompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a front elevation view of a floating wind turbine, showing theturbine wheel in its upright position.

FIG. 2 is a side elevation view of the wind turbine of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a top view of the wind turbine of FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIG. 4 is a top view of the wind turbine of FIG. 1, but showing theturbine wheel tilted in its inoperative position.

FIG. 5 is a side view of the wind turbine of FIG. 4, showing the turbinewheel tilted in its inoperative position.

FIG. 6 is a front elevation view of a modified wind turbine wheel,similar to the turbine wheels of FIGS. 1-5, but including anintermediate circular rim that is concentric with the outer circularperimeter rim, with inner sail wings supported between the axlestructure and the intermediate support rim and outer sail wingssupported between the intermediate support rim and the outer circularperimeter rim.

FIG. 7 is a front elevation view of a double wind turbine, having a pairof wind turbine wheels mounted on a common floatable support.

FIG. 8 is a side elevation view of the double wind turbine of FIG. 6.

FIG. 9 is a top view of the double wind turbine of FIG. 6.

FIG. 10 is a front elevation view of a double wind turbine similar toFIG. 7, but including a modified anchoring structure.

FIG. 11 is a top view of the wind turbine of FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 is an isolated view of one of the wind sails of the windturbines of FIGS. 1-8.

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a lateral thruster that is mounted tothe floatable support of FIGS. 1-8.

FIG. 14 is a side view of a turbine wheel, the type shown in FIGS. 1-8,but showing more details of the lower portion of the rotor and stator ofthe wind turbine.

FIG. 15 is a side elevation view of the electrical generator of FIG. 11,showing more details of the electrical generator.

FIG. 16 is a close-up, cross sectional view of a portion of the rotorand stator of the electrical generator of FIGS. 12 and 13, showing theouter perimeter rim of the turbine wheel that functions as a rotor ofthe generator at the bottom of its circular path, and showing thecentral portion of the stator.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of the rotor inverted from FIG. 4.

FIG. 18 is a close-up of another detail view of an electrical generator,showing the outer perimeter rim that drives the generator through pairedwheels that engage the perimeter rim of the wind turbine.

FIG. 19 is a front elevation view of a double wind turbine, having apair of wind turbine wheels mounted on a common floatable support, andout riggers that stabilize the floatable support.

FIG. 20 is a side elevation view of the double wind turbine of FIG. 19.

FIG. 21 is a top view of the double wind turbine of FIGS. 19 and 20.

FIG. 22A is a front elevation view of aspects of the invention in agenerally stationary arrangement.

FIG. 22B is a front elevation view of aspects of the invention in arotating arrangement.

FIG. 23A is a top view of aspects of the present invention.

FIGS. 23B through 23E are side views of aspects of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now in more detail to the drawings in which like numeralsindicate like parts throughout the several views, FIG. 1 shows a windturbine 20 that is designed for catching the wind and rotating for thepurpose of generating electricity. The wind turbine includes a turbinewheel 22 having an outer perimeter 23 formed by a series of angle braces24 and an outer perimeter circular rim 26 that extends continuouslyabout the turbine wheel. The outer perimeter circular rim may be formedof arcuate segments, and as explained in more detail hereinafter, theperimeter rim may function as the rotor of an electrical generator, ormay function to drive a rotor of an electrical generator.

An axle structure 28 is at the center of the turbine wheel 22 and aplurality of sail wing assemblies 30 are mounted to the axle structure28 and extend radially toward the angle braces 24 that form theperimeter of the turbine wheel. The turbine wheel rotates about thecentral axis 29.

The wind turbine assembly may be used on a body of water such as anocean or lake 31 where the atmospheric wind 37 usually is of highervelocity, less turbulent and more predictable than the atmospheric windover a land mass. When used on water, the turbine assembly may include afloatable support 33, such as a pontoon boat, barge or other suitablefloatable support. The floatable support of FIGS. 1-5 is a pontoon boathaving parallel pontoons 35 and 36. The wind turbine assemblies of FIGS.1-5 include a foldable tower assembly 32 that includes a pair of towerarms 32A and 32B that are connected at their lower end portions topontoons 36 and 35, respectively, and converging upwardly toward oneanother in a vertical plane to an upward apex that is in support of thebearing housing 38 at the axial structure 28 of the turbine wheel 22.The tower arms 32A and 32B are foldable about their lower ends to anattitude more horizontal, as shown in FIG. 5, so that the turbine wheel22 moves more toward a supine position over the pontoons 35 and 36.

Stabilizing arms 40 and 41 are parallel to one another and slopedupwardly from the pontoon boat and are pivotally mounted to the bearinghousing 38. The lower ends of the stabilizing arms 40 and 41 arereleasably connected to the cross frames of the pontoon boat, such ascross frame 44. When the turbine wheel 22 is to be tilted toward itssupine position, the lower ends of the stabilizing arms 40 and 41 aredetached from the cross frame member 44, allowing the turbine wheel 22to tilt toward its supine position.

Hydraulic cylinder 46 is mounted at its lower end to depending framework48 and at its upper end to the bearing housing 38. When the hydrauliccylinder 46 is distended, it holds the foldable tower assembly 32 in itsupright attitude, allowing the stabilizing arms 40 and 41 to beconnected at their lower ends to the cross frame member 44, therebyholding the turbine wheel 22 in its upright position. However, when thestabilizing arms 40 and 41 are disconnected at their lower ends from thecross frame member 44, the hydraulic cylinder 46 may be retracted,causing the turbine wheel 22 to tilt toward its supine position as shownin FIG. 5.

The foldable support may be used when transporting the wind turbineassembly to and from its site of operation, and for maintenance orrepair. The wind turbine also may be supported on a non-foldable, morepermanent upright tower carried by the floatable support, if desired.

The floatable support 33 of the wind turbine assembly 20 is consideredto have a bow at 50 and a stern at 52. The turbine wheel 22 faces thebow 50. Lateral thrusters 54 may be mounted to the pontoons 35 and 36,typically at the stern 52 of the pontoons. The bow 50 may be connectedby a first anchor line 55 or other appropriate means to an anchor suchas to an anchored buoy 56 that functions as an anchor. The anchor 56 maycomprise a pier, anchor, dock, or other means that generally is notmovable from a designated position in or adjacent a body of water. Theanchor line 55 may be a chain, cable, twisted hemp rope or otherconventional means or combination of these and other connectors forconnecting the floatable support to an anchor.

When the atmospheric wind 37 moves against the wind turbine assembly 20,the anchor (buoy, pier, etc.) to which the wind turbine assembly is tiedstabilizes the bow 50 of the floatable support, usually causing the windturbine assembly to move downwind of its anchor. In order to assure thatthe turbine wheel 22 faces the oncoming atmospheric wind, the lateralthrusters 54 shown in FIGS. 1-5 and 11 may be actuated in response to awind direction finder (not shown), tending to turn the floatable supportand, therefore, the turbine wheel more directly into the atmosphericwind.

The lateral thruster 54 of FIG. 11 typically is mounted to the stern 52of the floatable support 33, as shown in FIGS. 1-5, so that the anchor56, 60, etc. stabilizes the bow of the floatable support while thelateral thrusters tend to swing the stern in alignment with the bow andatmospheric wind. This assures that the turbine wheel 22 more directlyfaces the oncoming atmospheric wind, taking advantage of the windmovement through the sail wing assemblies 30, causing efficient rotationof the turbine wheel 22. Lateral thrusters, sometimes known as “bowthrusters” are conventional in the art and may be found at MabruThrusters, Miami, Fla. 33142.

As shown in FIGS. 2 and 5, the anchor, such as a buoy 56, pier or otherstationary docking point 58 for the wind turbine assembly includes anelectrical connection (not shown) to the electrical generator 150 of thewind turbine assembly 20 and an electrical conductor 62 to a receiverthat may be on an adjacent land mass for transmitting the electricalpower generated by the wind turbine assembly.

The turbine wheel and its floatable support may be very large in length,width and height. Because of the uncontrolled velocity of theatmospheric wind and because of the large height and other large sizedimensions of the wind turbine assembly, it is desirable to constructthe wind turbine assembly so that it resists capsizing or tilting orother deviation from facing the atmospheric wind and is desirable tominimize the application of longitudinal and other horizontal forces tothe tower 32 and its stabilizing arms 40 and 41. As shown in FIG. 2, inaddition or alternatively, a second anchor line 57 may be connected atone of its ends to the axle structure 28 of the turbine wheel 22 andconnected at its other end to an anchor 59. The second anchor line 57may be made of materials the same as or similar to those described abovefor the first anchor line. The second anchor 59 may be any device thatresists movement, including stationary structures such as piers, buoys,conventional anchors and other devices suitable for holding the windturbine assembly in its predetermined position, including but notlimited to those described above for the first anchor. Typically, if theanchor line is to be connected to a submerged anchor, the anchor lineshould be long enough to have a length to height ratio of at least aboutseven to one.

The connection of the second anchor line 57 to the axle structure 28 ofthe turbine wheel 22 is at the center of the wind forces applied to theturbine wheel. The centered connection of the anchor line to the turbinewheel provides a balanced longitudinal support for the wind turbine,directly opposite to the direction of the oncoming wind 37, and relievesforce otherwise applied by the turbine wheel to the tower structure thatextends from the turbine wheel to the floatable support. Since theturbine wheel usually is centered over an intermediate portion of thefloatable support, the restraining forces applied by the anchor line todown-wind movement of the wind turbine assembly tend to maintain thewind turbine assembly in its upright attitude and facing the oncomingatmospheric wind. The connection of the anchor line 57 to the axlestructure is at the upper end portion of the tower assembly 32 opposesand resists the longitudinal forces applied by the oncoming wind forcesthat are being applied to the wind turbine wheel 22. Thus, the forceapplied by the anchor line resists the tipping of the tower 32 andallows the tower structure to be less strong, less expensive and lighterthan would be required without the anchor 59 and anchor line 57.

FIG. 6 shows a modified form of the turbine wheel. Turbine wheel 64includes an outer rim 66 and an intermediate rim 68, both rims beingcircular and concentric with the axis of rotation of the turbine wheel.A plurality of inner sail wings 70 extends between the axle structureand the intermediate rim 68, and a plurality of outer sail wings 72extends between the intermediate circular rim 68 and the outer circularrim 66. The pitch of the outer sail wings 72 typically will be differentfrom the pitch of the inner sail wings 70 since the circular velocity ofthe outer sail wings is greater than the circular velocity of the innersail wings. Also, the use of the intermediate circular rim 68 stabilizesthe inner and outer sail wings so that the total length of the inner andouter sail wings 70 and 72 may be greater than the length available on asingle set of sail wings.

As shown in FIGS. 2, 3 and 5, the axle structure 28 of the turbine wheelis of greater thickness than the circular perimeter rim 26. A pluralityof spokes 76 extend from the ends of the axle structure 28 outwardly andconverge into a supporting relationship with respect to the circularperimeter rim 26. This provides lateral and radial stability to thecircular perimeter rim 26.

FIGS. 7-9 show a wind turbine assembly 80 that is a “twin” assembly ofthe wind turbine assembly of FIGS. 1-5, that includes turbine wheels 82and 83 that are substantially identical to the turbine wheel 22 of FIGS.1-5. The floatable support 33 is modified so as to provide a centralpontoon 84, with parallel outer pontoons 86 and 88, all pontoonssupporting the turbine wheels as described in connection with FIGS. 1-5.

The sail wings 90 of one turbine wheel 82 may be oriented with a pitchso that the atmospheric wind will rotate the turbine wheel in aclockwise direction, whereas the sail wings 90 of the other turbinewheel 83 are oriented at a reverse pitch from that of the turbine wheel82. This causes the turbine wheels to rotate in opposite directions whenfacing the oncoming atmospheric wind. This tends to neutralize thegyroscopic effect of the rotation of the turbine wheels of the twin windturbine assembly 80.

FIGS. 10 and 11 show a twin wind turbine assembly, similar to FIGS. 7-9,but having the anchor line 85 connected at its distal end to the anchor86 and connected at its proximal end to a horizontal cross brace 87 thatfunctions as a horizontal tower. The horizontal cross brace 87 isconnected at its end portions to the housing of the axle structure 28 ofeach turbine wheel. A rigid connector 88 is connected at one of its endsto the horizontal brace 87 and extents forwardly between the turbinewheels 82, 83 and connects to the more flexible anchor line 85. Thisavoids contact between the more flexible anchor line 85 and the turbinewheels 82, 83. This places the longitudinal support applied by theanchor 86 and anchor line 85 at the axial center of the turbine wheels,at the desired mid-height of the turbine wheels, above the base of thetower, where the force applied by the anchor is centered at the axlestructure of each turbine.

FIG. 12 shows one of the sail wing assemblies 30. The sail wing assemblyincludes a sail wing 92 formed of a flexible material, such as sailcloth or thin fiberglass or other material that is able to bend whenformed in an elongated shape. The sail wing 92 includes a longitudinalaxis 94, opposed side edges 95 and 96, and inner and outer ends 97 and98. Support cables 100, 101 extend through the sail wing 92 adjacent theopposed side edges 95 and 96, and extend through the inner end and outerend of the sail wing.

The shape control means are positioned at the ends of the sail wing 92.The shape control means includes a laterally extending end support 103at the inner end 97 of the sail wing 92 and a similar laterallyextending end support 104 at the outer end 98 of the sail wing. Thelaterally extending end supports 103 and 104 are connected at their endsto the support cables. The laterally extending end supports 103 and 104are rotatable about their mid-lengths which are aligned with thelongitudinal axis 94 of the wind sail, as indicated by arrows 113 and114. The rotation of the laterally extending end supports causes theends of the cables 100 and 101 to be rotated about the longitudinal axis94 of the sail wing 92. When the ends of the cables are rotated in thesame direction, the sail wings develop a pitch for catching theatmospheric wind. When the cables are rotated in opposite directions,the sail wings develop a twist along the length of the sail wing.

The material of the sail wing 92 can be made stronger or weaker atdifferent intervals along its length, typically by reducing the densityof the material of the sail wing in certain areas. This allows the sailwing to twist more at the weakened areas than at the stronger areas. Forexample, the area designated at 106 is a weakened area so that when theouter end 98 is turned with respect to the inner end 97, the sail wingis twisted. The sail wing tends to twist more in the weakened area 106than in its strong areas, allowing for a variable pitch to be formedalong the length of the sail wing.

As shown in FIG. 12, the laterally extending end support 104 at theouter end of the sail wing is connected to the slewing ring 108 that isconnected in turn to the angle braces 24 (FIGS. 1-5) at the perimeterrim of the turbine wheel, and a motor driven gear 110 may engage theslewing ring and control the rotary movement of the laterally extendingend support 104. A similar laterally extending end support 103 isconnected to a slewing ring 107 at the inner axle structure 28, and themotor driven gear 110 may function to rotate the laterally extendingwing support 103.

With this arrangement, the slewing rings 107 and 108 and the laterallyextending end supports 103 and 104, and the support cables 100 and 101function as shape control means for adjusting the pitch and twist ofeach of the sail wings. The shape control means may function to impart alongitudinal twist to the sail wings.

As shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 5, at least one electrical generator 170 ispositioned at the lower arc of the circular perimeter rim of the turbinewheel. The rotary movement of the circular perimeter rim is used todevelop electrical power.

One type of electrical generator 150 is illustrated in FIGS. 14-17 ofthe drawings. The outer perimeter circular rim 126 of the turbine wheel22 functions as the rotor of the generator. As shown in FIGS. 15 and 16,a stator assembly 172 is mounted at the perimeter of the turbine wheel122 and is positioned to receive the outer perimeter circular rim 126that functions as the rotor of the generator. The rotor 126 is formed inarcuate segments about the perimeter of the turbine wheel, and eacharcuate segment of the rotor includes its own coils 160.

As shown in FIG. 17, the rotor segments each includes an enclosedhousing 154 having flat opposed side walls 155 and 156, inner end wall158 and outer end wall 159. The electrical coils 160 are positioned inthe closed housing with a space 162 formed between the coils 160 and theouter end wall 159. Cooling fins 164 extend from the outer end wall 159for strength and for the purpose of extracting heat from the rotor 126.Also, a cooling liquid, such as oil 166, occupies some of the spaceabout the coils 160. The cooling liquid 166 may not completely fill theinside of its rotor segment, leaving a space inside the rotor segment.As the turbine wheel rotates, the segments of the rotor 126 will beinverted with FIG. 16 showing a segment of the rotor at the lower arc ofits rotation, and FIG. 17 showing a segment of the rotor when it ispassing over the upper arc of its rotation. The cooling liquid 166 isinfluenced by gravity and by centrifugal force to move within theinterior of the rotor 126, making contact with the coils and with theinterior facing surfaces of the opposed side walls 155 and 156 and theinterior facing surfaces of the inner end wall 158 and outer end wall159. This tends to transmit the heat of the coils to the walls of therotor, so as the rotor moves away from and then back towards the stator,the cooling fins 164 and the external surfaces of the walls of the rotortend to shed their heat.

As shown in FIG. 16, stator 152 includes stator halves 170 and 171 thatare positioned on opposite sides of the path of the rotor 126 as therotor rotates on the turbine wheel 122. Stator halves 170 and 171 may besubstantially identical and each includes a substantially cup-shapedstator housing 172 having its opening 174 facing the opposed side walls155 and 156 of the rotor 126. The edges 176 about the cup-shaped statorhousings each have a flat rim facing the rotor, the rims are shaped forforming the air escaping from the stator housings into a film of airbetween each stator housing and the rotor, such that an air bearing isformed between the stator housings and the rotor. The air bearingreduces the friction between the rotor and the stators.

The coils 160 of the stator halves are maintained in a juxtapositionwith the rotor 126 by the stator housings 172.

A space 182 is formed in the cup-shaped stator housing behind the statorcoils 180, with the space forming an air passage for the movement of airthrough the coils of the stator. An air conduit 184 communicates withthe space 182 of each stator housing 172 to supply air 198 to the airpassages 182, 184 behind the stator coils 160 so that the air moves fromthe air source 198 and through the air passage 182 through the statorcoils 180, cooling the stator coils. After the air moves through andabout the stator coils the air passes between the flat face of the rotor126 and edges 176 of the cup-shaped stator housing 172. As the airpasses the edges 176 of the cup-shaped stator housings 172, the airforms an air bearing between the stator housings 172 and the facingsurfaces of the rotor 126. The air moving from the edges of the statorhousings forms the air bearing against the flat facing surfaces of therotor 126 that assures that the stator housings will not frictionallyengage the surfaces of the rotor.

The turbine wheel may be of very large diameter, in excess of 100 feetin diameter. When the turbine wheel of such great size is rotated, it islikely that the rotor segments 126 will not follow exactly the samepaths, such that the rotor segments may experience a lateral wobblingmotion as they move through the stators, and/or move shallower or deeperinto the stator assembly 172. Because of the likelihood of thismovement, it is desirable to have the stator move laterally in responseto the lateral motions of the rotor, and it is desirable to have therotor built with a height that is greater than the height of the statorso that the stator can always be in the electrical field of the coils ofthe rotor.

As shown in FIG. 15, in order to accommodate the likely lateral motionof the rotor 126, the stator assembly 152 includes a support platform186, with a support frame having stator support rails 188 mounted on thesupport platform. The stator housings 172 are mounted on the supportrails 188 by means of rollers, such as rollers 190 that may travel alongthe stator support rails 188. Inflatable bellows 192 are positioned onthe closed sides of the stator housings 192. The bellows 192 are in theshape of air bags connected at one end each to a stator housing 192 andsupported at the distal ends by the support frame 187 of the stator.When the bellows 192 are inflated, they urge the stator housings 192toward engagement with the rotor 126, with the air bearing at the edgesof the stator housings helping to avoid the stator housings fromcontacting the rotor. Equal pressures are maintained in the inflatablebellows 192 on both sides of the stator housings so that when the rotormoves laterally, the bellows tend to urge the stators in the samelateral direction of movement of the rotor. Thus, the air bags functionas a first biasing means engaging said stator housings for urging saidstators toward said rotor.

In order to assure that the stators will relieve their force towards therotor at times when the generator is to be deactivated, coil tensionsprings 194 extend from the lateral support structure 187 to the statorhousings 172, tending to urge the stator housings away from the rotor.Thus, the springs function as a second biasing means engaging saidstator housings for urging said stators away from said rotor.

FIG. 15 illustrates the air supply system for the stator assembly 152.An air supply device of conventional design (not shown) communicateswith the air conduit system 200. The pressurized air 198 flows to theinflatable bellows 192 through conduits 202 at opposite ends of thestator, through an air pressure regulator 204, and an air pressurerelease valve 206, to the series of bellows 192. The air pressure to thebellows is regulated by the air pressure regulators 204 to apply thestator housings 192 towards the rotor 126, with equal pressure appliedto the bellows on both sides of the rotor.

Air pressure relief valves 206 function to discharge the air from thebellows 192 when the air pressure drops below a predetermined value.This allows springs 194 to move the stator housings away from the rotorwhen air pressure is depleted.

Likewise, the air pressure control valves 208 control the movement ofair through conduit 184 to the stator housings 192 as previouslydescribed. This maintains the cooling of the stator coils andestablishes the air bearing at the edges of the cup-shaped statorhousings with respect to the facing surfaces of the rotor 126.

While it is anticipated that the above described adjustable positioningfeatures of the stator will be sufficient to have the stator housingsaccurately follow the lateral movements of the rotor, the air from theair source 198 also may be used to form an air bearing between thesupport platform 186 and its support surface 212. The perimeter of thesupport platform 186 is formed with a downwardly extending rim 214 thatforms a closed space 216 between the bottom surface of the supportplatform 186 and the upwardly facing surface 212 of the support. Air ismoved through the downwardly extending conduit 218 to the space 216,generating enough upward force to lift the support platform, therebyforming spaces beneath the perimeter rim 214 with the movement ofescaping air 220. The escaping air 220 forms an air bearing beneath thesupport platform 186, allowing the support platform to move in a lateraldirection, following the lateral motions of the rotor 126.

FIG. 18 shows another type of electrical generator. The perimeter rim226 of the turbine wheel includes opposed, laterally outwardly facingsurfaces 228, 229 that move in unison with the turbine wheel 22A. A pairof rotary members, such as rubber tires 230 and 231 are supported inengagement with the outwardly facing surfaces 228 and 229, respectively,of the perimeter rim 226. The tires are supported on axles 232 and 233,and the axles are connected to the electrical generators 234 and 235,respectively, through gear boxes 236 and 237. Turnbuckle 240 isconnected at its opposite ends by bearings 242 and 243 to the axles 232and 233, respectively. The turnbuckle is tightened so that the tires 230and 231 make firm and resilient engagement with opposed surfaces of theperimeter rim 226 of the turbine wheel.

The electrical generators 234 and 235 are mounted on wheels 242 and 243,respectively, and the wheels engage rails 245.

It is anticipated that the diameter of the turbine wheel 20A shall belarge, in some instances more than 100 feet in diameter. Because of thegreat size of the turbine wheel and because of slight lateral movementof the turbine wheel induced by intensity and direction of theatmospheric winds, the perimeter rim 226 is likely to move laterally, aswell as in its circular path. The arrangement of the support system forthe rotary members 230 and 231 is formed so as to compensate for thelateral movement. For example, if the perimeter rim 226 at its lower arcof FIG. 18 moves to the left of FIG. 18, the rotary members 230 and 231,as well as their attached components, including the gear boxes 236 and237, turnbuckle 240, and electrical generators 234 and 235 are free tomove to the left, by the rollers 242 and 243 moving along the rails 245.Likewise, movement to the right is accommodated in the same way.

FIGS. 19-21 show a double wind turbine 260, having a pair of windturbine wheels 262, 264 mounted on a common floatable support 266, andout riggers 268 that stabilize the floatable support. The out riggers268 each include laterally extending support arms 270A-270F that supportsubmerged sea anchors 272A-272F and their suspension lines 274.

When the floatable support 266 rolls, the lines connected to the seaanchors on the side of the floatable support that tilts downwardly tendto go slack while the lines connected to the sea anchors on the otherside of the floatable support that tilts upwardly tend to resist upwardmovement. This tends to reduce the rolling of the floatable support andthe wind turbine assemblies supported on the floatable support.

Although the sea anchors 272 and their riggings are disclosed inconnection with the double wind turbines of FIGS. 19-21, it will beunderstood that the sea anchors may be used in connection with thesingle wind turbine assemblies such as shown in FIGS. 1-5, and 7-11, andin connection with other forms of this invention.

The use of the sea anchors 272 permits the use of a narrower floatablesupport.

Referring to FIG. 22A showing the turbine wheel stationary, there can bea forward set of spokes and a rearward set of spokes in one embodiment.The forward set of spokes are disposed closest to the anchor line withthe rear ward set of spokes disposed at the rear of the platform. Theforward set of spokes can include streamers 300 that are attached to apoint between the terminal end of the spokes. In one embodiment, thestreamers can extend more than half way along a radial distance 302. Anouter set of streamers is attached to the spokes between theintermediate rim and the outer rim. An inner set of streamers can beattached to the spokes inside the perimeter of the intermediate rim. Thespokes can be arranged to be offset from the inner and outer sail wingso that when viewing the turbine wheel from the front, the spokes areinterlaced with the outer and inner sail wings. The streamers can be anatural or synthetic material and can be UV reflective allowing the birdto see the streamer and avoid it in flight. The outer rim can also be UVreflective.

In one embodiment, the length of the streamers decreases as thestreamers that are disposed along the spokes are positioned closer tothe center of the turbine wheel. This allows for a consistent visualeffect to allow the turbine wheel to appear to have more structure sothat birds can avoid striking the turbine wheel. The streamers can bedisposed in a space defined between adjacent spokes, in spaces definedbetween the spoke and the sail wings, and in spaces between the outerrim and the intermediate rim when the turbine wheel is rotating. Thestreamers can be of a length that is less than the distance betweenadjacent spokes, about half the distance between adjacent spokes,greater than about half the distance between adjacent spokes or anycombination. The streamers can have different colors and the color ofthe streamers can be selected according to the surrounding environmentto allow birds to use their ability to see colors and contrast. Forexample, a color for the streamers can be selected with a differentcolor and brightness than the surrounding environment.

In one embodiment, the color is selected using the formula:

$\frac{I - I_{b}}{I_{b}}$

where I is the luminance of the streamers and I_(b) is the luminance ofthe surrounding environment. Based upon the relationship of the turbinewheel to the landscape, the color of the streamers can be different atthe perimeter of the turbine wheel than the center based upon theenvironmental background that is present in contrast to the turbinewheel.

Referring to FIG. 22B, the turbine wheel is shown rotating in direction304. The streamers, due to a variety of acting forces, including forwardmotion, resistance and centripetal force, extend rearward from theleading spoke and are disposed in a space defined between adjacentspokes such as 306. The streamers can be disposed in a space definedbetween a spoke and an outer and inner sail wing. When the turbine wheelrotates, the streamers allow the turbine wheel to be more easily visibleand therefore allow birds to better see the wheel turbine and avoidflying into it. The streamers can be varying lengths that can be longerat the perimeter of the turbine wheel and shorter near the center of theturbine wheel.

Referring to FIG. 23A, the anchored buoy 56 can be secured to the seafloor or other body of water floor through anchor lines 310 a through310 c. The buoy can be floating at or above the surface or can besubmerged. By attaching the platform to the buoy with docking line 301,the platform may rotate about the buoy generally along a path shown as303 so that the turbine wheel faces opposite wind direction 315 so thatthe turbine wheel is facing the wind. Further, the area potentiallyoccupied by the platform during its rotational path is considerablylonger when compared with it being anchored directly to the ocean floor.The anchor lines can be secured to the ocean or body of water floorthrough anchors 312 a through 312 c. Generally, the ratio of the depthof the water to the length of the anchor line is 1:7 and can exceed 1:10for rough water or weather conditions. Therefore, the anchor can bequite deep preventing easy access for installing additional supportstructures for the main anchors 312 a through 312 c. Once the mainanchor lines are installed, the anchor support structure 314 can beinstalled without having to be physically located at the main anchordepth.

Referring to FIG. 23B, a powered boat 316 can be used to install theanchor support structure. The boat includes a down line 318 that has oneend tied to the boat and the other end that loops down to a secondaryanchor 320 and back up to the boat. When the down line is let out, thesecondary anchor drops towards the bottom in a direction shown as 322. Aring or trolley can be slidably attached to the main anchor line 310 band a secondary anchor line 326 that is attached to the secondaryanchor. As the boat travels in a direction 328 and lets out the dropline, the trolley travels down the main anchor line in a direction shownas 330 while the anchor travels in direction 328. The drop line pullsthe secondary anchor outward form the buoy where the secondary anchorcontacts the floor. The secondary anchor line can be pulled away fromthe main anchor to create tension on the secondary anchor line toproperly set the secondary anchor in the floor. Once the secondaryanchor is set, the end of the drop line is disconnected from the boatand is retrieved from the secondary anchor and returned to the boatleaving the secondary anchor to support the main anchor as shown in FIG.23D. This process can be repeated for multiple secondary anchors toincrease the anchor support structure at the main anchors.

In one embodiment, the drop line is removably attached to the ring atthe head of the anchor. In one embodiment, the drop line is removablyattached at or near the crown of the anchor as shown in FIG. 23E. Inthis embodiment, the drop line applies upward force to the crown of theanchor resulting in lifting the fluke or at least one side upwards sothat when the anchor is dropped, the bill digs into the floor. Thisconfiguration allows for tension to be applied on the secondary anchorline between the secondary anchor and the main anchor line to increasethe support provided by the anchor support structure. When the secondaryanchor sets in the floor, tension can be applied to the main anchor linepulling it in a direction shown as 328 and away from the buoy. Thistension allows the secondary anchor to provide a more secure supportsystem for the main anchor line.

In the event that the secondary anchor needs to be removed, a hook canbe attached to the drop line that can be used to hook the secondaryanchor line. The secondary anchor line can then be pulled to the surfacedislodging the secondary anchor. As the drop line is pulled to thesurface, the trolley travel upwards along the main anchor line allowingthe secondary anchor to be retrieved and removed from the main anchorline.

The trolley can be a ring that encircles the main anchor line. In oneembodiment, the ring can be opened and removed from the main anchor linesuch as with a carbineer style design. In one embodiment, the trolleycan include pulleys that are attached to a cage. The cage can partiallyor fully surround the main anchored line allowing the trolley to slidealong the main anchor line. In one embodiment, the trolley is formed bylooping on end of the secondary anchor line around the main anchor lineallowing the secondary anchor line to slide along the main anchor line.The trolley can also be constructed by forming a spliced eye in the endof the secondary anchor line that can include a thimble.

While the expression “electrical generator” has been used herein, itshould be understood that this term may identify other rotary devicesthat may be driven by the wind turbines disclosed herein, such asalternators, pumps, etc.

While several drawing figures illustrate the turbine assemblies mountedon floatable supports, it should be understood that the structuresdisclosed herein may be used on wind turbine assemblies that are mountedon non-floating supports. For example, the second anchor line 57 may beused on land-mounted wind turbines, by connecting the anchor line to aground anchor.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that while theforegoing description sets forth in detail preferred embodiments of thepresent invention, modifications, additions, and changes might be madethereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, asset forth in the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A wind turbine assembly for generatingelectricity, comprising: a floatable support configured for floating ina body of water; a wind turbine wheel mounted on the floatable supporthaving a circular rim disposed at its perimeter and having an axlestructure; a set of sail wings extending radially from the axlestructure; an electrical generator supported by the floatable supportand configured to engage with the turbine wheel for generatingelectricity in response to the rotation of the turbine wheel; a set ofspokes included in the turbine wheel support extending from the centerof the turbine wheel to the circular rim of the turbine wheel; a set ofstreamers attached to the spokes at one end and including a free endwherein the free end is disposed in a space defined between two adjacentspokes when the turbine wheel is rotating; a buoy connected to a mainanchor by a main anchor line; a docking line attached to the floatablesupport and the buoy for securing the floatable support to the buoyconfigured to allow the floatable support to rotate about the buoy sothat the turbine wheel is rotated into the direction of the wind; atrolley removably and slidably attached to the main anchor line; asecondary anchor line attached to the trolley and a secondary anchorand, a drop line removably attached to the secondary anchor configuredto lower the secondary anchor in proximity to the main anchor so thatthe trolley, secondary anchor line and secondary anchor is configured toprovide an anchor support structure for the main anchor.
 2. The assemblyof claim 1 wherein the streamers are UV reflective.
 3. The assembly ofclaim 1 wherein the length of the streamer decreases as the streamersare disposed along the spokes at a position closer to the center of theturbine wheel.
 4. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the streamers aredisposed in a space defined between adjacent spokes.
 5. The assembly ofclaim 1 wherein the streamers are about half the distance betweenadjacent spokes.
 6. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the drop line isremovably attached to the secondary anchor at its crown.
 7. The assemblyof claim 1 including multiple secondary anchors defining the anchorsupport structure for the main anchor.
 8. The assembly of claim 1wherein the trolley is a ring encircling the main anchor line.
 9. Theassembly of claim 1 including an intermediate rim disposed between thecenter of the turbine wheel and the circular rim.
 10. A wind turbineassembly for generating electricity, comprising: a support; a windturbine wheel mounted on the support having a circular rim disposed atits perimeter; a set of sail wings carried by the circular rim; anelectrical generator configured to engage with the wind turbine wheelfor generating electricity in response to the rotation of the windturbine wheel; a buoy connected to a main anchor by a main anchor line;a docking line attached to the support and the buoy for securing thesupport to the buoy configured to allow the support to rotate about thebuoy so that the turbine wheel is rotated into the direction of thewind; a trolley removably and slidably attached to the main anchor line;a secondary anchor line attached to the trolley and a secondary anchorand, a drop line removably attached to the secondary anchor configuredto lower the secondary anchor to a floor so that the trolley, secondaryanchor line and secondary anchor are configured to provide an anchorsupport structure for the main anchor.
 11. The assembly of claim 1wherein the trolley exerts a force outward from the main anchor when thesecondary anchor is set in the floor to tension the main anchor line.12. The assembly of claim 10 wherein the drop line is removably attachedto the secondary anchor at its crown.
 13. The assembly of claim 10including multiple secondary anchors carried by the main anchor line andincluded in the anchor support structure for the main anchor.
 14. Theassembly of claim 13 including multiple secondary anchors each having asecondary anchor line attached to the main anchor line.
 15. The assemblyof claim 10 wherein the trolley is a ring encircling the main anchorline.
 16. The assembly of claim 10 wherein the drop line is removablyattached to a boat that pulls the secondary anchor away from the buoyprior to the drop line being released from the secondary anchor.
 17. Awind turbine assembly for generating electricity, comprising: a supportcarrying a wind turbine wheel wherein the wind turbine wheel includes aset of sail wings extending radially from the center of the turbinewheel; an electrical generator configured to engage with the turbinewheel for generating electricity in response to the rotation of theturbine wheel; a main anchor connected to the support by a main anchorline to allow the floatable support to rotate into the direction of thewind; a trolley removably and slidably attached to the main anchor line;a secondary anchor line attached to the trolley and a secondary anchor;and, a drop line removably attached to the secondary anchor configuredto lower the secondary anchor in proximity to the main anchor so thatthe trolley, secondary anchor line and secondary anchor is configured toprovide an anchor support structure for the main anchor.
 18. Theassembly of claim 17 wherein the trolley is a ring encircling the mainanchor line.
 19. The assembly of claim 17 wherein the drop line isremovably attached to the secondary anchor at its crown.
 20. Theassembly of claim 17 including multiple secondary anchors carried by themain anchor line and included in the anchor support structure for themain anchor.